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Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the and the , was the last feudal Japanese military government which existed between 1603 and 1868.〔Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). ("''Tokugawa-jidai''" ) in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 978.〕 The heads of government were the shoguns,〔Nussbaum, ("Shogun" ) at pp. 878-879.〕 and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.〔Nussbaum, ("Tokugawa" ) at p. 976.〕 The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period.〔Nussbaum, ("''Edo-jidai''" ) at p. 167.〕 This time is also called the Tokugawa period〔 or pre-modern ().〔Nussbaum, ("''Kinsei''" ) at p. 525.〕
==History==
Following the Sengoku Period of "warring states", the central government had been largely reestablished by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi-Momoyama period. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu.〔
Society in the Tokugawa period, unlike the shogunates before it, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, ''daimyo'' and ''samurai'' were more or less identical, since ''daimyo'' might be trained as ''samurai'', and ''samurai'' might act as local rulers. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.
In the mid-19th century, an alliance of several of the more powerful ''daimyo,'' along with the titular Emperor, finally succeeded in the overthrow of the shogunate after the Boshin War, culminating in the Meiji Restoration. The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, leading to the "restoration" (''Ōsei fukko'') of imperial rule. Notwithstanding its eventual overthrow in favor of the more "modernized", less feudal form of governance of the Meiji Restoration, the Tokugawa shogunate oversaw the longest period of peace and stability in Japan's history, lasting well over 250 years.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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